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El Niño events cause abnormal temperature and humidity fluctuations, which directly affect poultry immune responses. In tropical zones, prolonged heat and humidity can suppress vaccine efficacy by increasing stress hormone levels and reducing antibody production. In temperate regions, sudden warming or unseasonable cold may disrupt the stability of vaccine storage and administration, leading to uneven immune protection.

Moreover, El Niño shifts the seasonal patterns of common poultry diseases. For example, wetter conditions may extend the prevalence of coccidiosis or respiratory infections, altering the traditional vaccination calendar.

To address these challenges, region‑specific adjustments to immunization programs are necessary. In tropical areas, increasing vaccine doses or shortening intervals between vaccinations can help maintain protection. In temperate zones, flexible vaccine storage protocols and timing vaccination before predicted climate swings are recommended. Regular monitoring of environmental parameters and antibody titers should be integrated into farm management. Adaptive immunization strategies are essential to sustain flock health under El Niño‑induced climate variability.

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